Improved jar testing optimization with toc analysis dondra biller, phd ge analytical instruments. Engelhardt application development manager drinking water hach company photo by author the intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. The results should be used to adjust the coagu lant dose. If the turbidity and colour of the raw water are not much higher than is permissible for drinking water, it should be possible to avoid chemical coagulation in the treatment of the water.
The jar test experiments were performed on surface waters with turbidity. To determine the optimum dosage of coagulant to remove small or charged particles present inside water by using alum as coagulant. Coagulation flocculation is a widelyused process in industrial wastewater treatment. The purpose of coa gulation flocculation is to remove suspended m atter, turbidity, color, microorganisms, and odor producing substances. The jar testing apparatus containers were filled with sample water. July 3, 1980 standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water.
Evaluation and optimization of the coagulationrapid mixing step of the water treatment process includes a variety of aspects. Determination of the optimal dosage of aluminum sulfate in. Experiment 4 coagulation and flocculation lab report. Coagulation is an essential component in water treatment operations. For coagulation test, 200 rpm was used for mixing in five minutes and for flocculation, slow mixing rate 40 rpm was used for five minutes also settling time was 30 minutes.
Jar testing simulation of the coagulation and flocculation steps in the water treatment process let the water settle after flocculation and settling, sample the settled water to determine which coagulant dose was best. A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes. Jar testing procedure jar tests can be used to evaluate the coagulation efficiency of a coagulant. Standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of. Three coagulant materials tests were used klaraid cdp26, klaraid pc1195 and klaraid. The dose of the coagulant to be used can be determined via the jar test. Jar test for determining coagulant dosage in water. Groundwater and surface water contain both dissolved and suspended particles. A jar test procedure as described above can help to establish the optimum ph within the 7.
Prospects and challenges of using coagulationflocculation. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for. Coagulation and flocculation for wastewater treatment represent tested ways to improve efficiency and remove a high volume of particles. Location in the treatment plant after the source water has been screened and has passed through the optional steps of prechlorination and aeration, it is ready for coagulation and flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. Furthermore, after determining the optimum alum dosage for natural river water, the optimum ph value for color removal was studied by varying the range from 4.
Coagulation and flocculation process fundamentals 1. Optimization of coagulationflocculation for treatment of. The jar test involves exposing same volume samples of the water to be treated to different doses of the coagulant and then simultaneously mixing the samples at a constant rapid mixing time. Astm d2035 standard practice for coagulationflocculation. The coagulation flocculation process can be used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water or wastewater treatment processes like filtration and sedimentation.
According to the phipps and bird web site, we often hear from treatment plants that they want to jar test. It is a batch test consisting of using several identical jars containing the same volume and concentration of feed, which are charged simultaneously with six different doses of a potentially effective coagulant. The alum dose destined for each jar was carefully measured into 150ml beakers and, if required, toppedoff to 100 ml with distilled water, then added to the jar test jars and mixed at 150 rpm for 1 min. For example, if nickel is the main metal of concern, adjust the final ph to 10 to fully optimize the effects of hydroxide precipitation. Water treatment coagulation process operation and jar. The conventional jar test procedure, was employed for coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes. This is a demonstration of an actual conventional jar test. Water a had low alkalinity and required less coagulant to achieve good coagulation and flocculation than the higher alkalinity of water b. Equipment requireddesirable 6 item function flocculatorjar test unit 6 no. Introduction the need to clarify water aesthetics and health colloids impart color and turbidity to water aesthetical acceptability microbes are colloids too 042716 water treatment 2. A jar test is performed by first adding the same alum dose and varying the ph in each jar.
Coagulation and flocculation processes has been object of. Improved jar testing optimization with toc analysis. Coagulation flocculation process in the removal of trace. The coagulant used is ferric chloride, while the coagulant aid polymer is a non ionic polyacrylamide.
A test is often conducted by first dosing each jar with the same value of coagulant and varying the ph of each jar. Jar testing is a pilotscale test of the treatment chemicals used in a particular water plant. Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of drinking water treatment as well as wastewater treatment. Pdf a jar test study on the use of alum and ferric. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking. Coagulation and flocculation in water treatment prepared by. Two types of coagulation were examined using a standard jar test apparatus. Based on what we found in the experiments, with the.
A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes that encourage the removal of suspended colloids and organic matter which can lead to turbidity, odor and taste problems. Published by the national environmental services center jar. Jar testing simulation of the coagulation and flocculation steps in the water treatment process. Coagulation and flocculation are designed to remove infectious agents. This practice covers a general procedure for the evaluation of a treatment to reduce dissolved, suspended, colloidal, and nonsettleable matter from water or wastewater by chemical coagulationflocculation, followed by gravity settling. We take you step by step through the process and describe the changes occurring. The microfloc formed after coagulation further undergoes flocculation and is allowed to settle. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for undergraduate and postgraduate students. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the. Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water. It is the process of addition of a chemical to destabilize a.
Suspended particles vary in source, charge, particle size, shape, and density. The jar test is used to identify the most adapted mix of chemical compounds and concentrations for coagulation flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater. Astm d203519, standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water, astm international, west conshohocken, pa, 2019. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking water. Jar test is an experiment to understand the processes of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation awwa, 2011. Determination of optimum ph fill the jars with raw water sample 500 or ml usually 6 jars. Coagulation clumps contaminants together so they are more easily removed.
Standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water. It consists of six 1liter beakers or 2liter square jars and a gang mixer. The purpose of this test is to select types of coagulant alum and also to estimate the optimal dose needed in removing the charged particles that occurred in raw water. Diagram of jar testing device the jar testing apparatus see figure 1 contains six paddles which stir the contents of six. D203519 standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water jar test coagulation flocculation. Procedure for laboratory jar test the purpose of the laboratory jar test is to select and quantify a treatment program for removal of suspended solids or oil from raw water or a dilute process or waste stream. The procedure may be used to evaluate color, turbidity, and hardness reduction.
Mar 31, 2016 3312016 12 jar tests determination of optimum ph the jar test a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum ph and the optimum coagulant dose a jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes fill the jars with raw water sample 500 or ml usually 6 jars adjust ph of the jars while mixing using h2so4 or naohlime. Coagulationflocculation process for produced water treatment. The test can be repeated by holding the ph and varying the coagulant dose. The choice of coagulant and determination of optimum operating conditions for a specific raw water have to be determined by benchscale coagulation tests jar. What is coagulation and flocculation in wastewater treatment. Simulation of the coagulation and flocculation steps in the water treatment process. Jar test apparatus consists of six batch beakers, and equipped with a paddle mixer for each beaker. Evaluation and optimization of the coagulation rapid mixing step of the water treatment process includes a variety of aspects. Standard practice for coagulation flocculation jar test of water 1. Coagulation and rapid mixing coagulation is the process by which particles become destabilized and begin to clump together. Its a preference in the primary purification processes due to its simplicity operation, efficient and cheap.
However the turbidity values change temporarily on the water, affecting the effectiveness of this process, due to each turbidity value may need a different coagulant dose 2. Jar testing national environmental services center west virginia. Ene 806 project report 2 coagulation and flocculation. The jar test is used to identify the most adapted mix of chemical compounds and concentrations for coagulationflocculation.
Coagulation and flocculation part 1 overview of the process. Coagulationflocculation sswm find tools for sustainable. By the aid of jar test apparatus, we used various alum dosages from 0 and 200 mgl. Effect of temperature on floc formation process efficiency and subsequent removal in sedimentation process asst. The experimental tests were done by a jar test and followed astm d2035. May 03, 2012 jar tests the jar test a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum ph and the optimum coagulant dose a jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes. Jar tests as detailed in appendix b, employing apparatus similar to that shown in figure 2, may be used to study the effects of dose of coagulant chemicals and ph. After adding appropriate volume of the alum stoke solution, the water was mixed at 160 rpm for 2.
Apr 27, 2016 coagulation and flocculation in water treatment prepared by. Usually laboratory studies using the jar test are adequate for selecting a coagulant for a water treatment plant jar test jar test a jar testis usually used to determine the proper coagulant and coagulant aid, if needed, and the chemical dosages required for the coagulation of a particular water. Coagulation and flocculation process fundamentals 1 coagulation and flocculation. It simulates the coagulationflocculation process in a water treatment plant and helps operators.
Doc experiment 4 coagulation and flocculation lab report. Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge whereas flocculation is a physical process and does not involve neutralization of charge. Two series of jar tests were taken accordance with the standard test methods 16. The purpose of the laboratory jar test is to select and quantify a treatment program for removal of. Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation. Each beaker contained 2 l of river water or humic acid spiked tap water. Ce 326 princip les of environmental engi neering jar test.
Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate. Standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water 1. Jar test example the following results were achieved after a series of jar test on two sample waters, a and b, were treated with two different coagulants, alum and ferric chloride, at varying doses. Procedure for laboratory jar test the purpose of the laboratory jar test is to select and quantify a treatment program for removal of. The two basic terms which can exactly explain the happenings of this experiment are coagulation and flocculation. This article provides an overview of the processes and looks at the latest thinking. Pdf waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation water purification physical. Ce 326 princip les of environmental engi neering jar test background coagulation and f locculation are important unit processes in wat er and wastewater t reatment plants. Coagulation is the step where colloidal par ticles similar t o spheres of a diameter of less than 1 micrometer are destabilized. Coagulationflocculation process for produced water.
The coagulation experiments using aluminum sulfate, chitin and sago indicated that coagulation process effectively removed turbidity from water using 0. Material for this article was largely taken from reference 1. Screening and evaluation of alum and polymer combinations. Jar tests the jar test a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum ph and the optimum coagulant dose a jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes. In a standard practice, jar test involves rapid mixing, followed by slow mixing and later the sedimentation process. Prospects and challenges of using coagulationflocculation method in the treatment of effluents kingsley ogemdi iwuozor a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t received. Jar tests are conducted on a four or sixplace gang stirrer, which can be utilized to simulate mixing and settling conditions in a. Sixplace assembly for filtering samples after a jar test. A jar test study on the use of alum and ferric chloride for turbidity removal. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment is a readable and useful resource for the water scientist and engineer. This test is known as the jar test and is described below. Waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation.
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